Intraoperative oliguria does not predict postoperative acute kidney injury in major abdominal surgery: a cohort analysis / A oligúria intraoperatória não prediz lesão renal aguda pós-operatória em grandes cirurgias abdominais: Análise de uma coorte

Abstract Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Several studies investigating the association between intraoperative urine output and postoperative AKI have shown conflicting results. Here, we investigated the association of intraoperative oliguria with postoperative AKI in a cohort of patients submitted to elective major abdominal surgery. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective analysis of adult patients who underwent elective major abdominal surgery from January 2016 to December 2018. AKI was defined according to the serum creatinine criteria of the KDIGO classification. Intraoperative oliguria was defined as urine output of less than 0.5 mL/kg/h. Risk factors were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 165 patients were analyzed. In the first 48 h after surgery the incidence of AKI was 19.4%. Postoperative AKI was associated with hospital mortality (p=0.011). Twenty percent of patients developed intraoperative oliguria. There was no association between preexisting comorbidities and development of intraoperative oliguria. There was no correlation between the type of anesthesia used and occurrence of intraoperative oliguria, but longer anesthesia time was associated with intraoperative oliguria (p=0.007). Higher baseline SCr (p=0.001), need of vasoactive drugs (p=0.007), and NSAIDs use (p=0.022) were associated with development of intraoperative oliguria. Intraoperative oliguria was not associated with development of postoperative AKI (p=0.772), prolonged hospital stays (p=0.176) or in-hospital mortality (p=0.820). Conclusion: In this cohort of patients we demonstrated that intraoperative oliguria does not predict postoperative AKI in major abdominal surgery.

Resumo Introdução: Lesão renal aguda (LRA) é uma complicação comum em pacientes submetidos a grandes cirurgias abdominais, e está associada a considerável morbimortalidade. Vários estudos investigando a associação entre débito urinário intraoperatório e LRA pós-operatória mostraram resultados conflitantes. Neste trabalho investigamos a associação de oligúria intraoperatória com LRA pós-operatória em uma coorte de pacientes submetidos à grandes cirurgias abdominais. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva de centro único envolvendo pacientes adultos submetidos à grandes cirurgias abdominais, de janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2018. A LRA foi definida segundo critérios de creatinina da KDIGO. Definimos oligúria intraoperatória como débito urinário inferior a 0,5 mL/kg/h. Fatores de risco foram avaliados por análise de regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: Analisamos 165 pacientes. Nas primeiras 48 horas após a cirurgia, a incidência de LRA foi de 19,4%. LRA pós-operatória foi associada à mortalidade hospitalar (p = 0,011). 20% dos pacientes desenvolveram oligúria intraoperatória, sem associação com comorbidades preexistentes. Não houve correlação entre o tipo de anestesia e oligúria intraoperatória; entretanto, maior tempo de anestesia esteve associado à oligúria intraoperatória (p = 0,007). Maior creatinina sérica (Cr) inicial (p = 0,001), necessidade de drogas vasoativas (p = 0,007) e uso de AINEs (p = 0,022) foram associados à oligúria intraoperatória. Oligúria intraoperatória não foi associada ao desenvolvimento de LRA no pós-operatório (p = 0,772), à permanência hospitalar prolongada (p = 0,176) ou à mortalidade intra-hospitalar (p = 0,820). Conclusão: Demonstramos que a oligúria intraoperatória não prediz LRA pós-operatória em cirurgias abdominais de grande porte.

Impact of oliguria during lung surgery on postoperative acute kidney injury / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the influence of intraoperative urine volume on postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) and the independent risk factors of AKI.@*METHODS@#This was a retrospective cohort study recruiting patients who received selective pulmonary resection under general anesthesia in Peking University First Hospital from July, 2017 to June, 2019. The patients were divided into the AKI group and the control group according to whether they developed postoperative AKI or not. Firstly, univariate analysis was used to analyze the relationship between perioperative variables and postoperative AKI. Secondly, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to explore the predictive value of intraoperative urine output for postoperative AKI. The nearest four cutoff values [with the interval of 0.1 mL/(kg·h)] at maximum Youden index were used as cutoff values of oliguria. Then univariate analysis was used to explore the relationship between oliguria defined by these four cutoff values and the risk of AKI. And the cutoff value with maximum OR was chosen as the threshold of oliguria in this study. Lastly, the variables with P < 0.10 in the univariate analysis were selected for inclusion in a multivariate Logistic model to analyze the independent predictors of postoperative AKI.@*RESULTS@#A total of 1 393 patients were enrolled in the study. The incidence of postoperative AKI was 2.2%. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under curve (AUC) of intraoperative urine volume used for predicting postoperative AKI was 0.636 (P=0.009), and the cutoff value of oliguria was 0.785 mL/(kg·h) when Youden index was maximum (Youden index =0.234, sensitivity =48.4%, specificity =75.0%). Furthermore, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0 mL/(kg·h) and the traditional cutoff value of 0.5 mL/(kg·h) were used to analyze the influence of oliguria on postoperative AKI. Univariate analysis showed that, when 0.8 mL/(kg·h) was selected as the threshold of oliguria, the patients with oliguria had the most significantly increased risk of AKI (AKI group 48.4% vs. control group 25.3%, OR=2.774, 95%CI 1.357－5.671, P=0.004). Multivariate regression analysis showed that intraoperative urine output < 0.8 mL/(kg·h) was one of the independent risk factors of postoperative AKI (OR=2.698, 95%CI 1.260－5.778, P=0.011). The other two were preoperative hemoglobin ≤120.0 g/L (OR=3.605, 95%CI 1.545－8.412, P=0.003) and preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/(min·1.73 m2) (OR=11.009, 95%CI 1.813－66.843, P=0.009).@*CONCLUSION@#Oliguria is an independent risk fact or of postoperative AKI after pulmonary resection, and urine volume < 0.8 mL/(kg·h) is a possible screening criterium.

Takayasu arteritis: differential diagnosis in a teenager with severe acute kidney injury - a case report / Arterite de Takayasu: diagnóstico diferencial em adolescente com lesão renal aguda grave - relato de caso

ABSTRACT Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory condition of unknown cause that involves large vessels - particularly the aorta and its branches - such as the carotid, coronary, pulmonary, and renal arteries. The left subclavian artery is the most frequently involved vessel. Stenosis of the renal artery has been reported in 23-31% of the cases and may result in malignant hypertension, ischemic renal disease, decompensated heart failure, and premature death. Involvement of both renal arteries is uncommon. Early onset anuria and acute kidney injury are rare and have been reported only in a few cases in the literature. This report describes the case of a 15-year-old female with constitutional symptoms evolving for a year, combined with headache, nausea, and vomiting, in addition to frequent visits to emergency services and insufficient clinical examination. The patient worsened significantly six months after the onset of symptoms and developed acute pulmonary edema, oliguria, acute kidney injury, and difficult-to-control hypertension, at which point she was admitted for intensive care and hemodialysis. Initial ultrasound examination showed she had normal kidneys and stenosis-free renal arteries. The patient was still anuric after 30 days of hospitalization. A biopsy was performed and revealed her kidneys were normal. Computed tomography angiography scans of the abdominal aorta presented evidence of occlusion of both renal arteries. The patient met the diagnostic criteria for Takayasu arteritis and had a severe complication rarely described in the literature: stenosis of the two renal arteries during the acute stage of ischemic renal disease.

RESUMO A Arterite de Takayasu (AT) é uma doença inflamatória crônica, granulomatosa, de causa desconhecida, que afeta grandes vasos, principalmente a aorta e seus ramos, incluindo artérias carótidas, coronárias, pulmonares e renais, sendo a artéria subclávia esquerda o vaso mais acometido. A estenose da artéria renal é relatada em 23-31% dos casos e pode resultar em hipertensão maligna, insuficiência renal por isquemia, descompensação cardíaca e morte prematura. O acometimento bilateral de artérias renais é incomum, sendo rara a presença de anúria súbita e lesão renal aguda como sintoma inicial da doença, com poucos relatos na literatura. O caso reporta uma adolescente de 15 anos com sintomas constitucionais durante um ano de evolução, associados a problemas como cefaleia, náuseas e vômitos, com idas frequentes a serviços de emergência, sem adequada investigação clínica. Após 6 meses do início dos sintomas, a paciente evoluiu de forma grave, com quadro de edema agudo de pulmão, oligúria, lesão renal aguda e hipertensão arterial de difícil controle, sendo necessário suporte em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e hemodiálise. A ultrassonografia inicial mostrava rins normais e artérias renais sem sinais de estenose. Após 30 dias de internamento, paciente permanecia anúrica, sendo realizada biópsia renal que se mostrou dentro dos padrões da normalidade. Angiotomografia de aorta abdominal evidenciou oclusão bilateral de artérias renais. A paciente descrita fechou critérios diagnósticos para arterite de Takayasu e manifestou uma complicação grave pouco descrita na literatura: estenose bilateral de artérias renais, ainda na fase aguda da nefropatia isquêmica.

Rabdomiólise como manifestação de uma doença metabólica: relato de caso / Rhabdomyolysis as a manifestation of a metabolic disease: a case report

RESUMO A rabdomiólise é um processo de destruição muscular com manifestações clínicas variáveis. Em pacientes pediátricos, tem como principal etiologia as doenças infecciosas. Apresentamos o caso de uma adolescente previamente saudável, que foi admitida ao nosso pronto-socorro com histórico de 4 dias com mialgia, fraqueza muscular e urina escura. Na avaliação inicial, apresentava-se desidratada. Os exames de sangue revelaram insuficiência renal aguda e aumento de enzimas musculares. A paciente foi transferida para nossa unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Foi realizado tratamento clínico para correção da desidratação e das consequências iônicas e metabólicas da insuficiência renal. Em razão da oligúria, deu-se início à terapia de substituição renal. A investigação etiológica revelou um defeito da betaoxidação. Sabe-se que doenças metabólicas podem provocar rabdomiólise. A destruição muscular deve ser identificada precocemente, para evitar suas potenciais consequências. Em geral, o tratamento da rabdomiólise é conservador, embora em algumas situações seja necessária uma abordagem mais invasiva.

ABSTRACT Rhabdomyolysis is a process of muscle destruction that can present with varying clinical manifestations. In pediatric patients, its main etiology is infectious diseases. We present a previously healthy adolescent who was admitted to our emergency department with a four-day history of myalgia, muscle weakness and dark urine. At presentation, she was dehydrated. Blood analysis revealed acute renal failure and increased muscular enzymes. She was transferred to our pediatric intensive care unit. Medical therapies for correction of dehydration and the ionic and metabolic consequences of renal failure were performed. Due to oliguria, renal replacement therapy was initiated. An etiological investigation revealed a beta-oxidation defect. Metabolic diseases are a known cause of rhabdomyolysis. Muscular destruction should be diagnosed early in order to avoid its potential consequences. Generally, the treatment of rhabdomyolysis is conservative, although in some situations, a more invasive approach is needed.

Factores asociados y consecuencias clínicas de la anemia post trasplante renal / Associated factors and clinical implications of post transplant renal anemia

Un porcentaje considerable de pacientes presentan anemia post trasplante renal. Su origen es multifactorial y sus principales etiologías dependen de la etapa post trasplante que se considere. Estudiamos en un grupo de 134 pacientes los factores asociados con anemia tardía (6 meses post trasplante) y sus implicaciones clínicas a mediano plazo. En el análisis de regresión múltiple, la duración de la oliguria post trasplante y el número de episodios de rechazo fueron las variables significativamente asociadas con esta complicación. La supervivencia del órgano mostró una diferencia significativa a los 36 meses entre los grupos (83% en los anémicos versus 96% de los no anémicos p < 0.01). No observamos diferencias en mortalidad o eventos cardiovasculares. Concluimos que la presencia de anemia al sexto mes post trasplante renal está independiente y significativamente asociada con factores que condicionan la masa renal funcionante que explicarían además la menor supervivencia del injerto renal observada en estos pacientes.

A considerable percentage of patients exhibit anemia post kidney transplant. Its origin is multifactorial and the main causes involved depend on the post transplant period considered. We studied in a group of 134 consecutive patients the associated factors and the clinical implications of "late anemia" (6 months post transplant). Multiple regression analysis showed that post transplant oliguria and acute rejection episodes were significantly associated with anemia. Graft survival at 36 months was significantly reduced in the anemic group (83 % versus 96%, p < 0.01). No differences in patients survival or rate of cardiovascular events were observed. We concluded that anemia at 6 months post transplant is independently and significantly associated with events that reduced functioning renal mass and kidney survival.

Capacidad del período oligoanúrico para predecir secuela renal en niños con síndrome urémico-hemolítico asociado a diarrea / Capacity of the oligoanuric period in the prediction of renal sequelae in patients with postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome

Introducción. La duración del período oligoanúrico es el principal marcador pronóstico de secuela renal en pacientes con síndrome urémico-hemolítico asociado a diarrea (SUH D+). Realizamos este estudio con el objetivo de determinar la capacidad del período oligoanúrico para predecir secuela renal en niños con SUH D+. Pacientes y métodos. Revisamos los datos de todos los pacientes internados en el Hospital Elizalde con SUH D+ entre 1998-2008 e incluimos sólo a aquellos seguidos más de 1 año. Consideramos secuela renal a la presencia de albuminuria y/o proteinuria patológicas y/o hipertensión arterial y/o caída de fltrado glomerular. Ingresaron al estudio 80 pacientes, que se dividieron en 2 grupos (con secuela y sin ella). Se determinó si tenían diferencias en la duración del período oligoanúrico y se calculó la capacidad de dicha variable para predecir secuela mediante curva ROC. Resultados. 32 pacientes presentaron secuela renal (prevalencia 40%), quienes tuvieron un período oligoanúrico signifcativamente más prolongado [mediana 7 días (intervalo 0-14) contra mediana 0 días (intervalo 0-30); p= 0,0003] que aquellos sin secuela. Mediante curva ROC (área bajo la curva de 0,73) se estableció en ≥ 4 días como mejor punto de corte del período oligoanúrico para predecir secuela renal (sensibilidad 68,75%, especifcidad 70,83%). Conclusión. La curva ROC no permitió identifcar un punto de corte de la duración del período oligoanúrico que permita predecir secuela renal con sensibilidad y especifcidad adecuadas. Esta observación refuerza la importancia del seguimiento periódico y a largo plazo de todos los niños afectados por SUH D+.

Introduction. Length of the oligoanuric period is the main predictor of renal sequelae in children with postdiarrehal hemolytic uremic syndrome (D+ HUS). We aimed to determine the capacity of the oligoanuric period in the prediction of renal sequelae in children with D+ HUS. Patients and methods. We reviewed data from all patients with D+ HUS admitted at Hospital Elizalde between 1998-2008, including only those with at least 1 year of follow-up. Renal sequelae were defned by the presence of pathologic albuminuria and/or proteinuria and/or arterial hypertension and/or chronic renal failure; 80 patients were included, belonging to one of two groups (with or without sequelae). Difference in the duration of the oligoanuric period between groups was determined, and the diagnostic capacity of the oligoanuric period to identifed renal sequelae was assessed by ROC curve. Results. 32 patients presented sequelae, representing a prevalence of 40%. Oligoanuric period was signifcantly longer in patients with sequelae [median 7 days (range 0-14) vs median 0 days (range 0-30); p= 0,0003]. Using ROC curve (aucROC= 0.73) we identifed an oligoanuric period ≥ 4 days as the best threshold to predict renal sequelae (sensitivity 68.75%, and specifcity 70.83%). Conclusions. By ROC curve analysis we were unable to identify a cut-off point on the length of the oligoanuric period which predicts renal sequelae with optimum sensitivity and specifcity. This observation emphasizes the need of periodic and long-term surveillance of all children who suffered from D+ HUS.

Masked Hydronephrosis

No abstract available.

Acute renal failure in neonatal sepsis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of acute renal failure (ARF) and the factors associated with it in cases of neonatal sepsis. METHODS: The case control study was conducted in the referral neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary teaching hospital. 200 out born neonates with sepsis admitted to the nursery from January to July 2003 were evaluated for presence of ARF (cases) or not (controls). Sepsis was diagnosed on the basis of either a positive sepsis screen (immature: total (I:T) neutrophil ratio > 0.2, micro-ESR > age in days + 2 mm or> 15 mm, CRP> 6 mg/dl, TLC< 5000 cells/mm3; 2 or more positive) or a positive blood culture in symptomatic neonates. ARF was defined as blood urea nitrogen (BUN)> 20mg/dl on two separate occasions at least 24 hours apart. Oliguria was defined as urine output < 1 ml/Kg/hr. RESULTS: 52 out of 200 (26%) neonates with sepsis had ARF; only 15% of ARF was oliguric. The mean gestation of neonates with ARF was similar to those without ARF (36.1+/-4.1 wks vs. 36.6+/-3.5 wk; p = 0.41). A significantly higher number of babies with ARF weighed less than 2500 gm as compared to those without ARF (86.5% vs 67.6%; p = 0.008). The association of meningitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and shock was also significantly higher in neonates with ARF (46.8% vs 26.2%, p = 0.01; 65.4% vs 20.3%, p < 0.001; 71.2% vs 27.0%, p < 0.001 respectively). Mortality in neonates who developed ARF was significantly higher (70.2% vs 25%, p < 0.001). Factors including gestational age, weight, onset of sepsis, culture positivity, associated meningitis, asphyxia, shock, prior administration of nephrotoxic drugs were subjected to univariate analysis for prediction of fatality in neonates with sepsis and ARF; only shock was found to be a significant predictor of fatality (p< 0.001). ARF had recovered in 22 out of 49 neonates in whom data was available; three patients had left against medical advice. The mean duration of recovery in these 22 neonates was 5.5 days (range 1-14 days). Presence of co-existing morbidities (perinatal asphyxia/congestive heart failure (CHF)/ necrotising enterocolitis (NEC)) or nephrotoxic drugs did not alter the frequency of recovery of ARF in septic neonates (45.5% vs 44.4%,p = 0.944; 41% vs 52%, p = 0.308 respectively). CONCLUSION: Renal failure occurred in 26% neonates with sepsis. Although ARF in neonates has been reported to be predominantly oliguric, it was observed that ARF secondary to neonatal sepsis was predominantly non oliguric. Low birth weight was an important risk factor for the development of ARF. The mortality being three times higher in neonates with ARF demands a greater awareness of this entity among practitioners and better management of this condition.

La compresión renal directa durante la insuflación abdominal a 15 MM de Hg produce oliguria transitoria / The direct renal compression during the abdominal insuffation to 15 mm of Hg produced oliguria

Para identificar los factores causales de la oliguria transitoria que se observa en los procedimientos laparoscópicos, 3 experimentos fueron llevados a cabo. En el primer experimento 12 perros fueron sometidos a insuflación abdominal a 15 mm de Hg. A seis de ellos se les suministró una dosis de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina (ECA ENALAPRIL) y fueron comparados con los seis a los cuales sólo se les sometió a insuflación abdominal y sirvieron como control. La administración del inhibidor de la ECA no logró prevenir la disminución de la diuresis, la tasa de filtración ni el flujo efectivo renal plasmático. Debido a estos hallazgos pudimos inferir que la actividad del sistema renina angiotensina no era la responsable de la oliguria transitoria de la laparoscopia. En el segundo experimento un catéter ureteral fue colocado en la pelvis renal para evitar el efecto compresivo del neumoperitoneo a lo largo del trayecto ureteral, el otro uréter fue dejado sin catéter y sirvió como su propio control para los seis perros de esta fase experimental. La comparación entre ambos riñones de este grupo demostró que el efecto compresivo ureteral no era el responsable de la disminución de diuresis. TFG ni FEPR. En el experimento final de la compresión renal directa fue investigado, una bolsa de presión fue diseñada para introducir uno de los riñones en este nuevo grupo de seis animales e insuflado a 15 mm de Hg dejando el riñon contralateral como su propio control. Durante el periódo experimental se encontró una diferencia significativa entre ambos riñones con un 63 por ciento de disminución en la diuresis (P<0.05) una disminución del 21 por ciento para la TFG (P<0.01) y una disminución del 25 por ciento en el FEPR (P<0.05). Luego de desinsuflar el riñon experimental todos los parámetros regresaron a niveles basales. Estos resultados soportan de manera irregular la importancia contribución de la compresión renal directa a la génesis de la oliguria inducida por la laparoscopia

Necrosis renal cortical aguda / Acute renal cortical necrosis

La necrosis renal cortical aguda (NRCA) es la destrucción parcial o total de todos los elementos de la corteza renal. Se caracteriza por oliguria prolongada y recuperación incompleta de la función renal. Se ha implicado al vasoespasmo y a la liberación de toxinas en los eventos fisiopatológicos que producen esta enfermedad. Las causas más comunes de ARCN son complicaciones del enbarazo, síndrome urémico hemolítico, pancreatitis, sepsis, quemaduras, trauma, mordeduras de serpientes, shock y rechazo de injertos. La mortalidad es muy alta y muchos de los sobrevivientes requieren substitución permanente de la función renal

Prevention of oliguric ATN following living renal transplantation by PRE-operative allopurinol

The incidence of pathologically documented oliguric A.T.N. following living renal transplantation was studied in 481 cases using different perfusion protocols with comprised together with surface cooling perfusion with 500 ml lactated Ringer's solution at room temperature to which 5000 units heparin were added together with 5 mg verapamil and 2 ml 2% procaine HC1 in the firs group, or 6 ml 2% procaine HC1 in the second and third groups. This was followed in the 3 groups by cold [0C] perfusion of 500 ml lactated Ringer's solution to which 500 units heparin were added. Perfusion time ranged form 3-5 minutes. Oliguric A.T.N. occurred in 6/159 cases [3.8%] of the first group and in 13/227 cases [5.7%] of the second group. Oliguric A.T.N. was not encountered in any of the 95 cases in whom allopurinol was given to both donor and recipient as 300 mg orally 48 and 24 hours preoperatively and using procaine HCL for perfusion. A.T.N. Was not related to the duration of the ischemia time [35-65 minutes], number of arteries or tissue matching which were comparable among the studied groups. Allopurinol is believed to protect against reperfusion injury mediated by free oxygen radicals

Orina de color y cantidad anormal / Urine of abnormal color and quantity

Siempre que sea posible es aconsejable observar la orina como parte del examen físico (micción en el pañal, micción espontánea en el lactante, muestra ex profeso y datos de información anamnésticos en el niño mayor). Normalmente la orina es de color amarillo ámbar más o menos pálido con variaciones del matiz por circunstancias diversas. Recién emitida es límpida y transparente

Glomerulonefrite difusa aguda: estudo de 53 casos portadores de ingestäo cardiopulmonar

Estudam-se de forma retrospectiva 53 crianças internadas no Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmäo - florianópolis-SC, no período de maio de 1984 a abril de 1985, com o diagnóstico de Glomerulonefrite Difusa Aguda e Congestäo Cardio-circuclatória. Säo analisados os dados referentes a idade, sexo, presença de infecçäo prévia, quadro clínico, laboratorial e radiológico, com ênfase nas manifestaçöes cardiopulmonares congestivas. Estas se caracterizaram clinicamente por dispnéia, ortopnéia, estertores subcrepitantes, taquicardia e hepatomegalia; radiologicamente por aumento da área cardíaca, congestäo pulmonar e derrame pleural uni ou bilateral